Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology)

P. Shivakumar , M. Usha Rani , A. Gopala Reddy , Y. Anjaneyulu

Abstract

In the present study, effect of doxorubicin at 2 mg/kg b.wt. (i/p), alone, once in a wk for 4 wks and in combination with vitamin E at 250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt., orally, daily for 4 wks was evaluated on histological alterations, if any, on heart, liver, kidney, and testes of rats. Doxorubicin alone treated group showed marked congestion and degenerative changes in heart, kidney, liver, and testis. Treatment with vitamin E showed marked improvement in all the degenerative changes, though more protection was observed with the dose of 500 mg/kg.

Keywords

Doxorubicin, histopathology, vitamin-E Original Article on

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M. Alpha Raj ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ¹, A. Rajasekhar Reddy ², K. Adilaxmamma ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, IN
2 College of Veterinary Science, Korutla - 505 326, IN
3 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati - 517 502, IN

Abstract

A total of 160 White Leghorns of 20 wk age were divided randomly into eight groups. Groups 1, 3, 4 and 5 were fed basal feed and the rest were fed 5% vanaspati supplemented feed until 42 wk of age. From 42 to 54 wk, groups 3, 4 and 5 were fed 1% ferrous sulfate, 100 ppm chlorpyrifos (CPS) and 100 ppm cadmium, respectively, along with basal feed and groups 6, 7 and 8 were fed similar stressors, respectively, along with 5% vanaspati. Groups 1 and 2 served as controls for basal feed and 5% vanaspati feed. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, total cholesterol, high density cholesterol (HDL), triglycerides, creatinine, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer, and phytohemagglutination (PHA) index were studied. Supplementation of vanaspati resulted in a significant reduction in PHA, cholesterol, albumin and HI titer. Cadmium significantly increased ALP, AST, creatinine and paradoxically increased HDL cholesterol and HI titers. Vanaspati along with cadmium showed similar effects. Administration of CPS lowered PHA index, whereas supplementation along with vanaspati decreased the HI titers and increased the PHA index. Supplementation of vanaspati alone and in combination revealed harmful effects and aggravated the toxicities of CPS and cadmium. Hence, it is concluded that consumption of vanaspati could be harmful.

Keywords

Immunity, layers, white leghorn, vanaspati

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P. Bharathi ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ¹, A. Rajasekher Reddy ², M. Alpharaj ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad – 30, IN
2 College of Veterinary Science, Korutla, IN
3 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

A total of 225 male broiler chicks (Cobb strain) of day-old age were procured for the study. The chicks were randomly divided into 15 groups consisting of 15 chicks in each group. Group 1 was maintained as basal diet control and group 2 on chlorpyrifos (CPS) at 100 ppm in feed throughout 6 wk as iron toxic control without any treatment. Groups 3–15 were maintained on CPS at 100 ppm in feed for the 4 wk (28 days) of study and thereafter administered with different herbs and their combinations for remaining 2 wk. The blood samples were drawn from wing vein on 28^th day and 42^ndd day from the birds in each group for the estimation of lipid and protein profiles. The birds were sacrificed at the end of 6th week and liver tissues were collected for histological examination. The concentrations of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin and globulins and the A/G ratio were increased significantly (P<0.05) in toxic groups (2–15), while high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was significantly (P<0.05) decreased at the end of 4^th week. However, following supplementation of herbs and herbal combinations, the values of lipid and protein profile in groups 3–15 revived toward normal at the end of 6^th week. Histopathology of liver in CPS toxic control (group 2) revealed areas of degeneration, while groups 3–15 that were treated with herbs and their combinations exhibited these changes in a milder form, indicating regenerative alterations. The study revealed that chorpyrifos-induced changes in lipid and protein profile were improved by supplementation of certain herbs.

Keywords

Broilers, chlorpyrifos, lipid profile, protein profile

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G. Swapna ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, IN

Abstract

Day-old male broiler chicks were randomly divided into 8 groups consisting of 10 chicks in each. Groups 1 and 2 were maintained as plain control and cadmium (100 ppm in feed) toxic control, respectively, for 6 weeks. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were maintained on a combination of cadmium along with Emblica officinalis (500 ppm in feed), vitamin E (300 ppm in feed) and polyherbal formulation (1 g/kg feed), respectively, for 6 weeks. Groups 6, 7 and 8 were maintained on cadmium for the first 4 weeks and on E. officinalis, vitamin E and polyherbal formulation, respectively, during the subsequent 2 weeks without cadmium. The biochemical parameters such as alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea and creatinine were significantly (P<0.05) elevated in toxic control. These parameters revealed improvement following treatment with E. officinalis, vitamin E and polyherbal formulation in groups 6, 7 and 8, respectively. Thus, it is concluded that supplementation of E. officinalis, vitamin E and polyherbal formulation in feed is useful in preventing and treating the cadmiuminduced toxic effects.

Keywords

Cadmium, Emblica officinalis, polyherbal formulation, vitamin E

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Chandravathy J. ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ¹, Haritha C. ¹, Anilkumar B. ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, IN

Abstract

A study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of herbal Neonatal Chick care (NNCC) against iron-induced oxidative stress. A total of 130 day-old sexed male broiler chicks (Vencobb strain) were randomly divided into six groups consisting of 25 chicks each in groups 1–4 and 15 each in groups 5 and 6. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet, groups 2 and 3 on herbal NNCC at 6 and 8 g/chick/day, respectively, for 2 days immediately after hatching and later continued with basal diet up to 6 wk. Group 4 was given FeSO₄ at 0.5% of feed for 6 wk, while groups 5 and 6 were given NNCC as in groups 2 and 3, and later continued with the FeSO₄ as in group 4 for 6 wk. The concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyls, glucose and calcium, and the activity of alanine transaminase (ALT) were significantly (P<0.05) increased in group 4 at the end of 6th week, while the concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH), and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) index and HI titer were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in group 4. The NNCC treated groups (2, 3, 5 and 6) showed marked improvement in all the above parameters. It can be concluded that herbal NNCC offered protection and proved beneficial in resisting the adverse effects of stressor.

Keywords

Ferrous sulfate, herbal neonatal chick care, oxidative stress

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V. Ramakrishnan ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ¹, A. Rajasekher Reddy ², C. Haritha ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, IN
2 Associate Dean, College of Veterinary Science, Korutla, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

A total of 225 male broiler chicks (Cobb strain) of day-old age were randomly divided into 15 groups consisting of 15 chicks in each group. Group 1 was maintained as basal diet control and group 2 on ferrous sulfate at 0.5% in feed throughout 6 wk as iron toxic control without any treatment. Groups 3-15 were maintained on FeSO₄ at 0.5% in feed for the 4 wk (28 days) of study and thereafter administered with different herbs and their combinations for the remaining 2 wk. The blood samples were drawn from wing vein at the end of 4_th and 6_th weeks from the birds in each group for the assay of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Sera samples were separated from the blood for the estimation of alanine transaminase (ALT) and serum creatinine. The birds were sacrificed at the end of 6_th wk and tissues were collected for the assay of reduced glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in liver and kidney homogenates. The activities of SOD, catalase and ALT, and the concentration of TBARS and serum creatinine were increased significantly (P<0.05), while the concentration of tissue GSH was decreased significantly (P<0.05) in all the groups as compared to basal diet control and the values showed significant improvement in groups 3-15 that were treated during the last 2 weeks. It is concluded that iron induces toxicity by generating reactive oxygen species, and antioxidant herbs are useful in treating the iron-induced toxicity.

Keywords

Broilers, herbs, iron, oxidative stress

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D. Udaya Lakshmi ¹, K. Adilaxmamma ², A. Gopala Reddy ¹, V. Vykunta Rao ³

Affiliations
1 Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 30, IN
2 College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati-517 502, IN
3 Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Tirupati - 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Lead toxicity was studied in male broiler chicks (Cobb strain) of a day-old age. The chicks were randomly divided into six groups consisting of 15 in each group. Group 1 was maintained as basal diet control and group 2 was kept on lead at 300 ppm in feed throughout 5 wk as toxic control without any treatment. Groups 3 and 4 were maintained on herbal methionine at 1.4 g/kg feed + Mangifera indica at 0.1% in feed, respectively. Groups 5 and 6 were treated with lead + herbal methionine and lead + M.indica, respectively, for the 5 wk. The concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyls, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase in liver and kidney revealed a significant (P<0.05) increase, while there was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) in liver and kidney, and hepatocytic membrane ATPases and cytochrome P₄₅₀ (CYP₄₅₀) in liver in the lead toxic control group. Treatment with herbal remedies in groups 5 and 6 resulted in a marked improvement in all the above parameters as compared to those of lead toxic control. Thus, it is concluded that lead induces biological damage by means of oxidative stress and the herbs in test offered better amelioration. The beneficial effects of herbal methionine and Ma. indica may be attributed to their antioxidant, anti-stress and hepatoprotective principles.

Keywords

Hepatotoxicity, herbal methionine, lead, Mangifera indica, oxidative stress

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Ratan Kumar M. ¹, K. S. Reddy ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ¹, Rajasekhar A. Reddy ², Anjaneyulu Y. ³, Dilip G. Reddy ⁴

Affiliations
1 Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, IN
2 College of Veterinary Science, Korutla, Andhra Pradesh, IN
3 Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, IN
4 Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, IN

Abstract

A total of 225 day-old sexed male broiler chicks (Vencobb strain) were divided randomly into 15 groups consisting of 15 chicks in each group to study the toxicity of lead on hepatocytes. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet, group 2 on polyherbal formulation (PHF; stressroak), group 3 on shilajith, group 4 on amla and group 5 on vit E + Se. Group 6 was maintained on lead for 6 weeks and group 7 on lead for 4 weeks and subsequently on basal diet without lead for the remaining 2 weeks. Groups 8, 9, 10 and 11 were given lead along with PHF, shilajith, amla and vit E + Se, respectively, throughout 6 weeks. Groups 12, 13, 14 and 15 were given lead containing diet for the first 4 weeks and subsequently treated with PHF, shilajith, amla and vit E + Se, respectively, for the remaining 2 weeks. The activity of alanine transaminase (ALT) was significantly (P<0.05) increased in the toxic control groups at the end of 4^th week as compared to group 1. However, following treatment, there was a significant (P<0.05) reversal in groups 12–15. The activity of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, Ca²⁺ATPase, Mg²⁺ATPase and CYP₄₅₀ was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the liver of toxic control groups 6 and 7 as compared to groups1 through 5, which had the maximum activity of all the groups. Groups 8 through 15 revealed a significant (P<0.05) increase in the activity of these hepatocytic enzymes. The histological sections of the liver in lead toxic control (group 6) showed moderate focal lymphoid aggregates in liver, whereas the lesions were mild to moderate in treated groups and there were no observable lesions in plain control groups. The study revealed protective effect of PHF (stressroak), shilajith, amla and vit E + Se in lead-induced hepatocytic damage.

Keywords

ATPase, broilers, CYP₄₅₀, lead, hepatotoxicity

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K. Vanisthasree ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ², B. Kalakumar ², C. Haritha ², B. Anilkumar ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 03, IN

Abstract

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the hepatotoxic effects in the progeny of dams treated with methimazole, monocrotophos (MCP) and lead acetate. Female pregnant albino rats of Wistar Kyoto strain were divided into five groups and treated as follows, from day 3 of pregnancy till weaning of pups on postnatal day (PND) 21. Group 1 served as sham control, group 2 received methimazole 0.02% in drinking water, group 3 received MCP (0.3 mg/kg orally), group 4 received lead acetate at 0.2% in drinking water and group 5 received MCP + lead acetate. Thyroid hormone profile was recorded on 14th day of gestation in dams. Eight pups from each group were euthanized on PND 21 and 90, and liver tissues were collected for analysis. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyls and reduced glutathione (GSH) of liver were studied on PND 21 and 90, while the activities of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase and Mg²⁺ATPase in the liver were studied on PND 90. T₃, T₄, GSH, Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase and Mg²⁺ATPase were significantly (P<0.05) decreased, while TBARS and protein carbonyls were significantly (P<0.05) increased in all the test groups as compared to group 1. From this study, it is concluded that both MCP and lead acetate have a possible influence on thyroid gland of dams as the thyroid profile was altered significantly and the hepatotoxic effects were comparable to those induced by methimazole.

Keywords

Hepatotoxicity, lead acetate, methimazole, monocrotophos, rats

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C. Haritha ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ¹, Y. Anjaneyulu ², B. Kalakumar ¹, G. Dilip Reddy ¹

Affiliations
1 Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, IN
2 Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, IN

Abstract

Diclofenac toxicity was studied in male broiler chicks (Cobb strain) of a day old age. The chicks were randomly divided into eight groups consisting of 10 in each group. Group 1 was kept as basal diet control (1–32 days), group 2 on basal diet for 32 days + diclofenac (0.8 mg/kg body weight I/M) on day 24, 26, 28, 30, and 32, group 3 on basal diet for 32 days + cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg body weight I/M once daily) from day 20 to 23, group 4 on high-protein, high-calcium, low vitamin A (HPHC) diet (1–32 days), group 5 on basal diet + diclofenac + cyclophosphamide (as per the schedule), group 6 on HPHC + diclofenac (as per the schedule), group 7 on HPHC + cyclophosphamide (as per the schedule), and group 8 on HPHC + diclofenac + cyclophosphamide (as per the schedule). The activity of TBARS, SOD, and catalase revealed a significant (P <0.05) increase, while there was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the concentration of GSH in liver in the groups given diclofenac either alone or in combination with other variables. There was no significant difference in the diclofenac residue levels. The electron microscopy of liver revealed lesions of mild to marked severity in different combinations. It can be concluded that diclofenac has the toxic potential in poultry at subtherapeutic doses and further the toxic effects were more pronounced under the influence of immunosuppressants and HPHC diet.

Keywords

Diclofenac, hepatotoxicity, high-protein high-calcium diet, oxidative stress

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M. Ratan Kumar ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ¹, Y. Anjaneyulu ², G. Dilip Reddy ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500030, IN
2 Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500030, IN

Abstract

Effect of lead was studied for its action on antioxidant defense in broilers. A total of 225 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Vencobb strain) were divided randomly into 15 groups consisting of 15 chicks in each group. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet, group 2 on polyherbal formulation (PHF; stressroak), group 3 on shilajit, group 4 on amla, and group 5 on vitamin E + selenium (Se). Group 6 was maintained on lead for 42 days (6 weeks) and group 7 on lead for 28 days and subsequently on basal diet without lead for the remaining two weeks. Groups 8, 9, 10, and 11 were given lead along with PHF, shilajit, amla, and vitamin E + Se, respectively throughout the experiment for 6 weeks. Groups 12, 13, 14, and 15 were given lead containing diet for the first four weeks (28 days) and subsequently treated with PHF, shilajit, amla, and vitamin E + Se, respectively for the remaining two weeks. Antioxidant status of the birds was analyzed by assaying blood samples for glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, GSH reductase, and catalase at the end of fourth and sixth weeks, whereas Thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) and GSH concentrations were estimated in liver homogenate at the end of the sixth week. The antioxidant defense parameters were significantly altered in toxic control groups indicating the possible oxidative damage caused by lead, whereas the parameters were normal in control groups 1 to 5 and other groups that were given the drugs in test, indicating their good ameliorating activity in oxidative stress.

Keywords

Amelioration by adaptogens, lead, oxidative stress

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G. Swapna ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ¹, A. Rajasekhar Reddy ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 30, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Korutla, Karimnagar (Dist), Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) toxicity was studied in broilers, and efficacy of Emblica officinalis (500 ppm in feed), vitamin E (300 ppm in feed), and stressroak (1 g/kg feed) were evaluated for prophylactic and therapeutic management of Cd toxicity. One-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly divided into eight groups consisting of 10 chicks in each. Groups 1 and 2 were maintained as plain control and Cd (100 ppm in feed) toxic control (for six weeks). Groups 3, 4, and 5 were maintained on a combination of Cd (100 ppm in feed) and Emblica officinalis, vitamin E, and stressroak for six weeks. Groups 6, 7, and 8 were maintained with Cd for the first four weeks and on Emblica officinalis, vitamin E, and stressroak during the subsequent two weeks without Cd. Body weights, feed consumed, Feed conversion ratio (FCR), and glulathione (GSH) were significantly (P<0.05) decreased, whereas the activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and Superoxide dismutase (SOD)) and concentration of Thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) were significantly (P<0.05) increased in toxic control group. After treatment with Emblica officinalis, vitamin E, and stressroak in groups 6, 7, and 8 during last two weeks and discontinuation of Cd, the parameters revealed improvement. From this study, it is concluded that Cd induces toxicity by oxidative stress, and supplementing Emblica officinalis, vitamin E, and stressroak in feed is useful in preventing and treating the toxicity.

Keywords

Cadmium, Emblica officinalis, oxidative stress, stressroak, vitamin E

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K. Bharavi ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ², G. S. Rao ¹, A. Rajasekhara Reddy ³, S. V. Rama Rao ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram, Krishna (District), IN
2 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, IN
3 Poultry Science, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 30, Andhra Pradesh, IN
4 Project Directorate on Poultry, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 30, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

The present study was carried out to evaluate the herbal adaptogens Withania somnifera and Ocimum sanctum on cadmium-induced oxidative toxicity in broiler chicken. Cadmium administration at the rate of 100 ppm orally along with feed up to 28 days produced peroxidative damage, as indicated by increase in TBARS, reduction in glutathione (GSH) concentration in liver and kidney, and increase in catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of erythrocytes. Herbal adaptogens Withania somnifera ischolar_mains and Ocimum sanctum leaf powder administration at the rate of 0.1% through feed reversed the antioxidant enzyme of RBC, i.e., CAT and SOD, nonenzymatic antioxidants GSH and lipid peroxidation marker TBARS of liver and kidney. Liver and kidney tissue repair and normal function was assessed by alanine aminotransaminase for liver and creatinine and blood urea nitrogen for kidney. In conclusion, oral administration of Withania somnifera ischolar_main and Ocimum sanctum leaf powder prevented cadmium-induced peroxidation of tissues.

Keywords

Adaptogens, cadmium toxicity, chicken, Ocimum sanctum, Withania somnifera

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K. S. Gopi ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ¹, K. Jyothi ¹, B. Anil Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad - 500030, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Experimental study was conducted to evaluate the hepato- and renoprotective effect of silymarin and Terminalia chebula against experimentally-induced acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity in rats. Oral administration of APAP @ 500 mg/kg for 1 to 3 days to all the four groups (six rats in each) resulted in significant elevation of serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and aspartate transaminase activity. Posttreatment with silymarin @ 25 mg/kg and T. chebula 125 mg/kg in groups 2 and 3 and their combination to group 4 from day 4 to 14 has significantly reversed the alterations of above said markers and offered better protection. The results of the study enunciated that silymarin and T. chebula exhibit good hepato- and nephro-protection against APAP toxicity.

Keywords

Acetaminophen, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, silymarin, Terminalia chebula

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G. Dilip Reddy ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ¹, G. Srinivasa Rao ², C. Haritha ¹, K. Jyothi ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh - 521 102, IN
2 NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram, Krishna Dt., Andhra Pradesh - 521 102, IN

Abstract

A total of 56 male Sprague dawley rats of uniform weight and age were randomly divided into seven groups consisting of eight rats in each group. Groups 1, 2, and 3 served as plain control, dyslipidaemic control (DL), and atorvastatin control, respectively. Groups 4, 5, 6, and 7 received 1, 0.5, 0.25, and 0.75% fresh garlic w/w in feed, respectively in addition to the high-fat and high-cholesterol diet and administered with atorvastatin orally for 12 weeks at the rate of 10, 5, 7.5, and 2.5 mg/kg b.wt., respectively. Plasma creatinine was estimated at 4-week intervals, whereas histopathology, electron microscopy, and estimation of TBARS concentration in kidney were conducted at the end of experiment. The TBARS concentration in DL was significantly (P<0.05) increased when compared with groups 1, 3, 6, and 7. On histopathological examination, kidney sections of group 3 had mild degenerative changes in the tubules with fatty change in few tubules, while groups 4 and 5 exhibited mild-tomoderate degenerative and fatty changes in tubules with inter tubular hemorrhages. The electron microscopy of group 2 showed hypertrophy of Bowman’s capsule, while that of group 4 showed secretary deposits in the cytoplasm. The interaction studies on kidney indicated that high dose of atorvastatin + garlic has negative safety profile when compared with groups having low dose of statin and high dose of garlic.

Keywords

Atorvastatin, garlic, kidney

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B. Anilkumar ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ¹, B. Kalakumar ¹, M. Usha Rani ¹, Y. Anjaneyulu ², T. Raghunandan ³, Y. Ramana Reddy ⁴, K. Jyothi ¹, K. S. Gopi ¹

Affiliations
1 Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, IN
3 Livestock Research Institute, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, IN
4 Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the toxicological effects, if any, due to feeding of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton plants to sheep. A total of 32 sheep of one year of age belonging to Deccani breed were randomly divided into four groups, consisting of eight sheep in each group. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet (concentrate feed at the rate of 300 g + green fodder at the rate of 3 kg/sheep/day), group 2 on non-Bt cotton plant at the rate of 1.5 kg + green fodder at the rate of 1.5 kg + concentrate feed at the rate of 300 g/ sheep/day, group 3 on Bt cotton plants (50%) at the rate of 1.5 kg + green fodder at the rate of 1.5 + concentrate feed at the rate of 300 g/sheep/day, and group 4 on Bt cotton plants ad libitum + concentrate feed at the rate of 300 g/sheep/day. All the groups of sheep were maintained for three months and various hemato-biochemical parameters were studied at monthly intervals. The activity of aspartate transaminase, gamma glutamyltransferase, and creatine kinase in sera samples, and the concentration of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine did not differ significantly among different groups at different time intervals. The histological examination of liver and kidney did not reveal any significant changes in Bt and non-Bt cotton-fed groups. In conclusion, the results of the present investigation enunciated that feeding of genetically modified (Bt) cotton plants to sheep was without detrimental effects in the biological system of sheep.

Keywords

Bt cotton, sero-biochemistry, sheep

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K. Jyothi , A. Gopala Reddy , Gopi K. S. , B. Anil Kumar , G. Dilip Reddy

Abstract

A study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) against experimentally-induced renal toxicity due to cyclophosphamide (CYP) in rats. Three groups (2, 3 and 4) of female Wistar Kyoto rats with 6 animals in each group were administered with CYP @ 40 mg/kg bwt on 1^st, 3^rd, 5^th and 7^th day by intraperitoneal route. Group 2 remained as toxic control. Group 3 received NAC from 1^st to 14^th day @ 0.2% of feed and group 4 was treated with NAC from 8^th to 14^th day. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet for 14 days. The study revealed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the concentration of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyls, and a decrease in the reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration of kidney. These results are suggestive of CYP-induced oxidative stress resulting in renal damage. Feeding of NAC could not offer protection against CYPinduced renal damage in this study.

Keywords

Cyclophosphamide (CYP), N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), Oxidative stress

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